Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi ʻana o nā ʻāina ʻē ma ke kahua o nā mea hoʻohuihui no ka holo kaʻaahi no kahi kokoke i ka hapalua haneli.ʻOiai ke holo wikiwiki nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaʻa kaʻa a me ke kaʻa kaʻa kiʻekiʻe ma Kina a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui home ma kēia kahua, ʻo ka fiber i hoʻoikaika ʻia o nā mea hana i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kaʻa kaʻa haole he ʻoi aku ke aniani fiber, ʻokoʻa ia. ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka fiber carbon ma Kina.E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka carbon fiber ma mua o 10% o nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia no ke kino i hoʻomohala ʻia e TPI Composite Company, a ʻo ke koena he aniani aniani, no laila hiki ke kaulike i ke kumukūʻai me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka māmā.ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka carbon fiber hiki ke alakaʻi i ka paʻakikī o ke kumukūʻai, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi mau mea hana nui e like me nā bogies.
No nā makahiki ʻoi aku ma mua o 50, ʻo Norplex-Micarta, ka mea hana i ka thermosetting composites, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻoihana hana paʻa no nā noi kaʻa kaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kaʻaahi, nā ʻōnaehana uila uila, a me ka insulation uila no nā kaʻa uila kiʻekiʻe.Akā i kēia lā, ke hoʻonui nei ka mākeke o ka hui ma mua o kahi niche haiki i nā noi hou aʻe e like me nā paia, nā hale a me nā papahele.
Manaʻo ʻo Dustin Davis, ka luna o ka hoʻomohala ʻoihana no Norplex-Micarta, e hāʻawi nui ana ke kaʻaahi a me nā mākeke kaʻa kaʻa nui ʻē aʻe i nā manawa no kāna hui, a me nā mea hana a me nā mea kūʻai aku, i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.Nui nā kumu no kēia ulu ʻana i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo kekahi o ia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ʻEulopa i ka Fire standard EN 45545-2, ka mea e hoʻopuka ai i nā koi ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke ahi, ka uahi a me ka pale kinoea (FST) no ka halihali lehulehu.Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana resin phenolic, hiki i nā mea hana composite ke hoʻohui i nā pono palekana ahi a me ka uahi i kā lākou huahana.
Eia kekahi, ke hoʻomaka nei nā mea hana kaʻa kaʻa, subway a me nā kaʻaahi e ʻike i nā pono o nā mea composite i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka haʻalulu walaʻau a me ka cacophony."Inā ua hele ʻoe ma ke kaʻaahi a lohe ʻoe i ke kani ʻana o ka pā metala," wahi a Davis.Inā hana ʻia ka panel me nā mea i hui pū ʻia, e hoʻohenehene i ke kani a hoʻomāmā i ke kaʻaahi."
ʻO ke kaumaha māmā o ka composite he mea hoihoi ia i nā mea hoʻohana kaʻa kaʻa i makemake e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana wahie a hoʻonui i kona laulā.Ma kahi hōʻike i ka mahina ʻo Kepakemapa 2018, ua wānana ka ʻoihana noiʻi mākeke ʻo Lucintel e ulu ana ka mākeke honua no nā composites i hoʻohana ʻia i ka halihali lehulehu a me nā kaʻa ma waho o ke alanui ma ka makahiki he 4.6 pakeneka ma waena o 2018 a me 2023, me ka waiwai o $1 biliona e 2023. E loaʻa mai nā manawa kūpono mai nā ʻano noi like ʻole, e pili ana i waho, loko, hood a me nā ʻāpana powertrain, a me nā ʻāpana uila.
Ke hana nei ʻo Norplex-Micarta i nā ʻāpana hou e hoʻāʻo ʻia nei ma nā laina kaʻaahi māmā ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Eia kekahi, ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻoihana i ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana electrification me nā mea fiber mau a hoʻohui iā lākou me nā ʻōnaehana resining wikiwiki."Hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai, hoʻonui i ka hana, a lawe mai i ka hana piha o FST phenolic i ka mākeke," wehewehe ʻo Davis.ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā ʻāpana metala like, ʻōlelo ʻo Davis ʻaʻole ʻo ke kumukūʻai ke kumu hoʻoholo noiʻi a lākou e aʻo nei.
Māmā a me ka lapalapa ahi
ʻO ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o nā kaʻa kaʻa ʻEulopa ʻo Duetsche Bahn o nā kaʻa 66 ICE-3 Express kekahi o nā mea hiki ke hoʻokō i nā pono kikoʻī o nā mea kūʻai aku.ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe ea, ʻōnaehana leʻaleʻa kaʻahele a me nā noho hou i hoʻohui i ke kaumaha pono ʻole i nā kaʻa kaʻa ICE-3.Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i kūpono ka papahele plywood mua i nā kūlana ahi ʻEulopa hou.Pono ka hui i kahi hoʻonā papahele e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kaumaha a hoʻokō i nā kūlana pale ahi.ʻO ka papahele composite māmā ka pane.
Hāʻawi ʻo Saertex, kahi mea hana i nā lole i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Kelemānia, i kahi ʻōnaehana waiwai LEO® no kona papahele.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Daniel Stumpp, ke poʻo o ke kālepa honua ma Saertex Group, ʻo LEO kahi lole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻaʻole crimped e hāʻawi ana i nā waiwai mechanical kiʻekiʻe a ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o nā lole i ulana ʻia.ʻO ka ʻōnaehana composite ʻehā ʻehā me nā pale ahi kūʻokoʻa, nā mea i hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka fiberglass, SAERfoam® (kahi mea kumu me nā alahaka 3D-fiberglass i hoʻohui ʻia), a me nā resins LEO vinyl ester.
ʻO SMT (hoʻokumu pū ʻia ma Kelemania), kahi mea hana mea hana, hana i ka papahele ma o ke kaʻina hana hoʻopiha piha ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻeke ʻeke silikoni hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia i hana ʻia e Alan Harper, kahi hui Pelekane."Ua mālama mākou ma kahi o 50 pakeneka o ke kaumaha mai ka lāʻau lāʻau mua," wahi a Stumpp."Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana LEO ma luna o nā laminates fiber mau me kahi ʻōnaehana resin i hoʻopiha ʻole ʻia me nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi loa... Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole pala ka composite, ʻo ia ka pōmaikaʻi nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahi i ka hau i ka hoʻoilo a me ka pulu ka papahele."ʻO ka papahele, ka pehu luna a me nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau i kūpono i nā kūlana pale ahi hou.
Ua hana ʻo SMT ma mua o 32,000 kapuaʻi square o nā panela, i hoʻokomo ʻia ma kahi o ka hapakolu o nā kaʻaahi ICE-3 ʻewalu a hiki i kēia lā.I ka wā o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana, hoʻoponopono ʻia ka nui o kēlā me kēia panela e kūpono i kahi kaʻa.Ua hauʻoli loa ka OEM o ka ICE-3 i ka papahele hui hou a ua kauoha ʻo ia i kahi hale hui e hoʻololi hapa i ka hale metala kahiko i loko o nā kaʻa kaʻa.
E hele hou aku
Ua hoʻohana ʻo Proterra, kahi mea hoʻolālā ma Kaleponi a me ka mea hana i nā kaʻa kaʻa uila zero-emission, i nā mea hana i loko o kona mau kino a pau mai ka makahiki 2009. Ma 2017, ua hoʻokumu ka hui i kahi moʻolelo ma ka hoʻokele ʻana i 1,100 mau mile ala hoʻokahi ma kāna Catalyst i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ®E2 kaʻa.He kino māmā kēia kaʻa i hana ʻia e ka mea hana composite TPI Composite.
* I kēia manawa, ua hui pū ʻo TPI me Proterra e hana i kahi kaʻa kaʻa uila hui pū ʻia a pau."I loko o kahi kaʻa kaʻa maʻamau a kaʻa paha, aia kahi chassis, a noho ke kino ma luna o kēlā chassis," wehewehe ʻo Todd Altman, ka luna hoʻomalu o Strategic marketing ma TPI.Me ka hoʻolālā paʻa o ke kaʻa, ua hoʻohui pū mākou i ka chassis a me ke kino, e like me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ke kaʻa holoʻokoʻa."
ʻO ka Proterra hoʻokahi-shell kino i hana ʻia, i hoʻolālā ʻia mai ka wā ʻōpala e lilo i kaʻa uila.He ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi kēlā, wahi a Altman, no ka mea, ʻo ka ʻike o nā mea hana kaʻa a me nā mea hana kaʻa kaʻa uila e hoʻāʻo i nā hoʻāʻo liʻiliʻi e hoʻololi i kā lākou hoʻolālā kuʻuna no nā ʻenekini puhi ahi i nā kaʻa uila."Ke lawe nei lākou i nā paepae e kū nei a ke ho'āʻo nei e hoʻopaʻa i nā pila he nui e like me ka hiki. ʻAʻole ia e hāʻawi i ka hopena maikaʻi loa mai kēlā me kēia ʻano.""wahi a Altman.
Nui nā kaʻa kaʻa uwila, no ka laʻana, loaʻa nā pōpō ma hope a ma luna paha o ke kaʻa.Akā no Proterra, hiki iā TPI ke kau i ka pila ma lalo o ke kaʻa."Inā ʻoe e hoʻohui i ka nui o ke kaumaha i ke ʻano o ke kaʻa, makemake ʻoe e maʻalahi ke kaumaha e like me ka hiki, mai kahi hiʻohiʻona hana a mai kahi kūlana palekana," wahi a Altman.Ua ʻike ʻo ia he nui nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā mea hana kaʻa e hoʻi i ka papa kiʻi kiʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou kaʻa.
Ua komo ʻo TPI i kahi ʻaelike ʻelima makahiki me Proterra e hana i nā hui kaʻa kaʻa he 3,350 ma nā hale o TPI ma Iowa a me Rhode Island.
Pono e hoʻopilikino
No ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ke kino kaʻa kaʻa ʻo Catalyst, pono ʻo TPI a me Proterra e kaulike mau i nā ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali o nā mea like ʻole a pau i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu kumu kūʻai me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hana maikaʻi loa.Ua ʻike ʻo Altman, ʻo ka ʻike o TPI i ka hana ʻana i nā pahi makani nui ma kahi o 200 kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi a me ke kaumaha 25,000 paona he mea maʻalahi iā lākou ke hana i nā kino kaʻa he 40-kapuaʻi ma waena o 6,000 a me 10,000 paona.
Hiki iā TPI ke loaʻa ka ikaika o ke kūkulu ʻana ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kalapona kalapona a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hoʻoikaika i nā wahi e amo ana i ka ukana nui loa."Hoʻohana mākou i ka fiber carbon kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke kūʻai i kahi kaʻa," wahi a Altman.ʻO ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka fiber carbon ma mua o 10 ka nui o nā mea hoʻoikaika i hoʻohui ʻia o ke kino, a ʻo ke koena he fiberglass.
Ua koho ʻo TPI i ka vinyl ester resin no ke kumu like."Ke nānā mākou i nā epoxies, nui lākou, akā i ka wā e ho'ōla ai ʻoe iā lākou, pono ʻoe e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka mahana, no laila pono ʻoe e wela i ka ʻōpala.
Hoʻohana ka hui i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka resin i kōkua ʻia ma ka vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) no ka hana ʻana i nā hale sandwich composite e hāʻawi i ka ʻoʻoleʻa pono i ka pūpū hoʻokahi.I ka wā o ka hana ʻana, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi mau mea metala (e like me nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā pā pā) i loko o ke kino.Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻa i nā ʻāpana o luna a me lalo, a laila hoʻopili pū ʻia.Pono nā mea hana e hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻonaninani liʻiliʻi e like me nā fairings, akā ʻo ka helu o nā ʻāpana he hapa ia o ke kaʻa metala.
Ma hope o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ke kino i hoʻopau ʻia i ka hale hana kaʻa kaʻa Proterra, holo wikiwiki ka laina hana no ka mea he liʻiliʻi ka hana."ʻAʻole pono lākou e hana i ka welding, wili a me ka hana ʻana, a he maʻalahi loa lākou e hoʻopili ai i ke kino i ka drivetrain," i hoʻohui ai ʻo Altman.Mālama ʻo Proterra i ka manawa a hoʻemi i ke poʻo no ka mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka wahi hana no ka pūpū monocotic.
Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ʻo Altman e ulu mau ka noi no nā kino kaʻa huila i ka wā e huli ai nā kūlanakauhale i nā kaʻa uila e hōʻemi i ka pollution a ʻoki i nā kumukūʻai.Wahi a Proterra, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa loa o nā kaʻa uila uila (12 mau makahiki) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka diesel, ke kinoea kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā kaʻaahi hybrid diesel.ʻO ia paha kekahi kumu i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Proterra i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā pahi uila uila i kēia manawa he 10% o ka mākeke kaʻa holoʻokoʻa.
Aia kekahi mau mea keakea i ka hoʻohana ākea ʻana o nā mea hana i loko o ke kino kaʻa uila.ʻO kekahi, ʻo ia ka hana kūikawā o nā pono o nā mea kūʻai kaʻa kaʻa like ʻole."Makemake kēlā me kēia mana transit e kiʻi i nā kaʻa ma ke ʻano ʻokoʻa - ka hoʻonohonoho noho, ka wehe ʻana o ka puka."Ua'ōleloʻo Altman. "Makemake nā mea hana kino i hoʻohuiʻia e loaʻa kahi hale maʻamau, akā inā makemake kēlā me kēia mea kūʻai i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka hana maʻamau, e paʻakikī ke hana i kēlā. " Ke hoʻomau neiʻo TPI i ka hana pū me Proterra e hoʻonui i ka hoʻolālā kaʻa no ka maikaʻi o ka mālamaʻana. ka maʻalahi e koi ʻia e nā mea kūʻai hope.
E ʻimi i ka hiki
Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Composites i ka hoʻāʻo inā kūpono kāna mau mea no nā noi kaʻa kaʻa hou.Ma UK, ʻo ELG Carbon Fibre, ka mea loea i ka ʻenehana no ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka carbon fiber, ke alakaʻi nei i kahi consortium o nā ʻoihana e hoʻomohala ana i nā mea composite māmā no nā bogies i nā kaʻa kaʻa.Kākoʻo ka bogie i ke kino o ke kaʻa, alakaʻi i ka huila a mālama i kona kūpaʻa.Kōkua lākou i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻoluʻolu o ka holo ʻana ma o ka lawe ʻana i nā haʻalulu o ke kaʻaahi a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ikaika centrifugal i ka huli ʻana o ke kaʻaahi.
ʻO kahi pahuhopu o ka papahana ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i nā bogies i ʻoi aku ka māmā o 50 pakeneka ma mua o nā bogies metala like."Inā ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka bogie, e hōʻemi ʻia ka pōʻino o ke ala, a no ka emi ʻana o ka ukana ma ke ala, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka manawa mālama a me nā kumukūʻai mālama," wahi a Camille Seurat, ELG product development engineer.ʻO nā pahuhopu hou aʻe e hōʻemi i nā pūʻali huila ʻaoʻao-a-rail ma 40% a hāʻawi i ka nānā ʻana i ke kūlana ola.Ke kākoʻo nei ka UK's non-profit Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) i ka papahana me ka manaʻo e hana i kahi huahana kūpono i ke kālepa.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hana nui a ua hana ʻia kekahi mau panela hoʻāʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā prepregs mai ka paʻi paʻi ʻana, ka waiho ʻana o ka pulu maʻamau, ka perfusion a me ka autoclave.No ka mea e kaupalena ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā bogies, ua koho ka hui i ka epoxy prepreg i hoʻōla ʻia i loko o nā autoclaves ma ke ʻano he kumu kūʻai loa o ke kūkulu ʻana.
ʻO ka prototype bogie piha piha he 8.8 kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi, 6.7 kapuaʻi ākea a me 2.8 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe.Hana ʻia ia mai ka hui pū ʻana o ka fiber carbon recycled (nonwoven pads i hāʻawi ʻia e ELG) a me ka lole kalapona maka.E hoʻohana ʻia nā fibers ala hoʻokahi no ka mea ikaika nui a e kau ʻia i loko o ka mold me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana robotic.E koho ʻia kahi epoxy me nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi, ʻo ia ka epoxy pale ahi hou i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hōʻoia ʻia ʻo EN45545-2 no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā ala kaʻa.
ʻAʻole like me nā bogies kila, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai nā kaola hoʻokele a i nā kaola ʻaoʻao ʻelua, e kūkulu ʻia nā bogies composite me nā poʻo a me nā lalo like ʻole i hui pū ʻia.No ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā bogies metala i loaʻa, pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka mana hoʻohui i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me nā brackets pili a me nā mea pono ʻē aʻe i ke kūlana like."I kēia manawa, ua koho mākou e mālama i nā mea kila, akā no nā papahana hou aʻe, he mea hoihoi paha ke hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kila me nā ʻano ʻano composite i hiki iā mākou ke hōʻemi hou i ke kaumaha hope," wahi a Seurat.
ʻO kahi lālā consortium o ka Pūʻulu Sensors and Composites ma ke Kulanui o Birmingham ke nānā nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka sensor, e hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka bogie composite ma ke kahua hana."ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻike e nānā i ka nānā ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi ma nā wahi ʻokoʻa ma ka bogie, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka ʻike wela," wahi a Seurat.E ʻae nā mea ʻike i ka nānā ʻana i ka manawa maoli o ka hoʻolālā composite, e ʻae ana e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻikepili hoʻouka ola.Hāʻawi kēia i ka ʻike waiwai e pili ana i ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka luhi lōʻihi.
Hōʻike nā haʻawina mua e hiki i nā bogies composite ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻēmi kaumaha i makemake ʻia o 50%.Manaʻo ka hui papahana e loaʻa i kahi bogie nui i mākaukau no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma waena o 2019.Inā hana ka prototype e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, e hana hou lākou i nā bogies e hoʻāʻo ai i nā trams i hana ʻia e Alstom, ka hui lawe kaʻaahi.
Wahi a Seurat, ʻoiai he nui nā hana e hana ʻia, ʻo nā hōʻailona mua e hōʻike ana he hiki ke kūkulu i kahi bogie composite hiki ke hoʻokūkū me nā bogie metala ma ke kumukūʻai a me ka ikaika."A laila, manaʻo wau he nui nā koho a me nā noi kūpono no nā composites i ka ʻoihana kaʻaahi," wahi āna.(Paʻi hou ʻia ka ʻatikala mai Carbon Fiber and Its Composite Technology e Dr. Qian Xin).
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mar-07-2023